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Related Concept Videos

Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also promote...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...

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Comments on Disorders of the Fourth Cranial Nerve.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2021
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
07:20

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Published on: August 9, 2024

Accommodative spasm in siblings: a unique finding.

Robert P Rutstein1

  • 1School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0010, USA.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
|June 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Accommodative spasm, a rare eye condition, was observed in a brother and sister, suggesting a potential familial link. Early recognition and examination of siblings are crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology
  • Binocular Vision

Background:

  • Accommodative spasm is an uncommon condition affecting young individuals.
  • Familial tendencies for this binocular vision disorder have not been previously documented.

Observation:

  • A case study details a brother and sister presenting simultaneously with headaches and blurred vision.
  • Both siblings were diagnosed with accommodative spasm.

Findings:

  • The simultaneous presentation suggests a potential familial predisposition or shared environmental factors.
  • Treatment involved cycloplegia drops and bifocals, standard interventions for accommodative spasm.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering familial factors in accommodative spasm.

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  • Ophthalmologists should conduct thorough eye examinations for siblings of affected individuals.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for managing accommodative spasm in pediatric patients.