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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

[Steroid sulfatase inhibitor].

Taisuke Nakata1, Hiroyuki Ishida, Yukimasa Shiotsu

  • 1Strategic Product Planning Department, Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. LTD.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen-dependent breast cancers in postmenopausal women often become resistant to treatments like SERMs and AIs. Targeting steroid sulfatase (STS) offers a promising approach to inhibit local estrogen production and overcome treatment resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • Over 60% of breast cancers occur in postmenopausal women.
  • Many breast cancers are hormone-dependent, primarily estrogen-dependent.
  • Current treatments include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs).

Purpose:

  • To address the significant issue of tumor resistance to SERMs and AIs.
  • To explore novel therapeutic targets for estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
  • To highlight the importance of inhibiting local estrogen synthesis.

Summary:

  • Estrogen-dependent breast tumors in postmenopausal women frequently develop resistance to standard therapies (SERMs, AIs).
  • Recent research indicates that inhibiting local estrogen formation is more critical than reducing systemic estrogen levels.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

  • Steroid sulfatase (STS), highly expressed in breast carcinoma tissues, is identified as a key target for inhibiting local estrogen production.

    • Impact:

    • Provides a rationale for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting STS.
    • Offers potential for overcoming treatment resistance in estrogen-dependent breast cancers.
    • Contributes to advancing the understanding of hormone-driven cancer biology and treatment.