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Fermi Level

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...

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Energy Bands in Solids

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Electron Orbital Model

Electron Orbital Model

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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Published on: June 28, 2016

Er3+ electronic energy levels in GaN.

Y Yang¹, R M Pitzer

¹Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A

|June 12, 2010

Summary

Erbium ions (Er3+) in Gallium Nitride (GaN) crystals show efficient 1.54 micrometer emission, crucial for optical communications. Advanced quantum modeling revealed key electronic states influencing this important optical transition.

Area of Science:

Quantum Chemistry
Materials Science
Optoelectronics

Background:

The 1.54 micrometer emission from Erbium ions (Er3+) in Gallium Nitride (GaN) is vital for optical communications due to its efficiency and stability.
Theoretical analysis of this emission is complex, involving numerous electrons, relativistic effects, and crystal field interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To model and understand the electronic states governing the Er3+ emission in a GaN host.
To investigate the quantum theoretical aspects of this specific optical transition.

Main Methods:

Modeled the system using a cluster of ions centered on an Er3+ ion.
Employed spin-orbit configuration interaction (SOSEX) to study the electronic states.
Focused on the significance of single-excitation terms in wave functions.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

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Main Results:

Successfully modeled the complex electronic structure involved in the Er3+ emission.
Identified the critical role of single-excitation terms in the quantum theoretical treatment.

Conclusions:

The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding Er3+ emission in GaN.
Highlights an unusual quantum theory challenge where single-excitation terms are paramount.