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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Congenital hypothyroidism.

Maynika V Rastogi1, Stephen H LaFranchi

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Science University, 707 SW Gaines Street, Portland, OR, USA.

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|June 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) affects 1:2,000-4,000 newborns, often with subtle signs. Early diagnosis and levothyroxine treatment are crucial for excellent neurocognitive outcomes in infants.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a common endocrine disorder in newborns, affecting 1 in 2,000 to 4,000 infants.
  • Clinical manifestations of CH can be subtle at birth due to maternal thyroid hormone transfer and some fetal thyroid function.
  • CH presents with symptoms like decreased activity, feeding difficulties, constipation, prolonged jaundice, and signs such as myxedematous facies and hypotonia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism.
  • To highlight the importance of newborn screening and early treatment for optimal neurocognitive development.
  • To discuss the classification and etiologies of CH, including thyroid dysgenesis and dyshormonogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including elevated serum TSH and low T4/free T4 levels.
  • Discussion of treatment protocols, including levothyroxine dosage and monitoring frequency.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysgenesis is the primary cause of permanent CH (85%), while dyshormonogenesis accounts for 10-15%.
  • Newborn screening programs facilitate early diagnosis, enabling prompt initiation of treatment.
  • Early and consistent levothyroxine treatment is associated with excellent neurocognitive outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection through newborn screening and timely treatment with levothyroxine are critical for preventing developmental delays in infants with CH.
  • Optimal management involves precise dosing and frequent laboratory monitoring to ensure adequate thyroid hormone levels.
  • Delayed treatment or inadequate dosage can negatively impact neurocognitive outcomes.