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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

A hypnotic paradigm for studying intrusive memories.

Zoe Hill¹, Lynette Hung, Richard A Bryant

¹School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

|June 12, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a hypnotic method to experimentally induce intrusive memories. Post-hypnotic amnesia increased memory distress and involuntariness, proving useful for studying intrusions.

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Intrusive memories are significant in clinical disorders but difficult to study experimentally.
Existing research lacks suitable paradigms for controlled investigation of memory intrusions.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe and validate a hypnotic paradigm for eliciting intrusive memories under experimental conditions.
To investigate the impact of post-hypnotic amnesia on the subjective experience and cognitive effects of memory intrusions.

Main Methods:

Forty-nine highly hypnotizable participants nominated a distressing memory.
A hypnotic paradigm was used, involving suggestions for memory recall and, for half, post-hypnotic amnesia for the memory's source.
Participants completed a cognitive task where a cue triggered memory recall.

Main Results:

Memories retrieved under post-hypnotic amnesia were perceived as more involuntary and distressing.
Participants with post-hypnotic amnesia showed greater cognitive interference after the cue compared to those who intentionally retrieved the memory.

Conclusions:

Post-hypnotic suggestion offers a viable experimental paradigm for inducing and studying intrusive memories.
This method allows for controlled investigation into the nature and impact of involuntary memory intrusions.