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Related Concept Videos

Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Gain01:15

Gain

Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...

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Related Experiment Video

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Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
16:11

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

Published on: April 26, 2014

Accuracy of phase shifting interferometry.

K Kinnstaetter, A W Lohmann, J Schwider

    Applied Optics
    |June 12, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Phase shifting interferometry accuracy is often limited by errors. This study presents a Lissajous display technique and iterative Fourier sum method to detect and correct phase shifter inaccuracies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Phase shifting interferometry (PSI) is susceptible to errors from mechanical drifts, vibrations, intensity variations, detector nonlinearities, and reference phase shifter inaccuracies.
    • These errors significantly degrade the precision of measurements obtained using PSI.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a Lissajous display technique for detecting common errors in PSI.
    • To present an iterative Fourier sum-based method for correcting reference phase shifter inaccuracies.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a Lissajous display technique integrated within the phase shifting procedure to visualize and identify systematic errors.
    • Implementing an iterative correction algorithm that relies solely on the interference pattern and Fourier analysis to refine phase shifter accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • The Lissajous display effectively reveals mechanical drifts, intensity fluctuations, and detector nonlinearities.
    • The iterative method demonstrates the capability to correct for reference phase shifter inaccuracies, improving measurement precision.

    Conclusions:

    • The described techniques enhance the robustness and accuracy of phase shifting interferometry.
    • These methods offer practical solutions for mitigating common error sources in optical metrology applications.