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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Apathy following stroke.

Ricardo E Jorge1, Sergio E Starkstein, Robert G Robinson

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA. ricardo-jorge@uiowa.edu <ricardo-jorge@uiowa.edu>

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie
|June 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apathy affects 20-25% of stroke survivors and is linked to cognitive issues and functional decline. While some treatments show promise, conclusive evidence for the best approach is still lacking.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Apathy is a common neuropsychiatric complication following stroke.
  • It is distinct from depression and cognitive impairment, though often co-occurs.
  • Apathy is associated with increased functional decline in stroke patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the frequency, clinical features, mechanisms, and treatments for apathy post-stroke.
  • To synthesize current understanding of apathy's impact on stroke recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO.
  • Keywords included "apathy," "stroke," "cerebrovascular disease," and relevant brain regions.
  • Review focused on studies examining frequency, correlates, mechanisms, and treatments.

Main Results:

  • Apathy occurs in 20-25% of stroke patients.
  • Associated with cognitive impairment, chronic progressive decline, and specific neural network disruptions (e.g., frontal-striatal pathways).
  • Limited treatment data; dopamine agonists, stimulants, cholinesterase inhibitors, and nefiracetam show potential but require larger trials.

Conclusions:

  • Apathy is a frequent and impactful complication of stroke.
  • It is associated with poorer outcomes and can be independent of depression or cognitive deficits.
  • Optimal treatment strategies for stroke-related apathy remain undetermined.