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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE
13:42

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Published on: May 31, 2013

Solving novel RNA structures using only secondary structural fragments.

Michael P Robertson1, Young-In Chi, William G Scott

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Center for the Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|June 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solving the crystallographic phase problem for novel RNA structures is challenging. This study introduces a new method using modeled RNA fragments to successfully determine phases without prior structural knowledge.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Crystallography
  • RNA Structure

Background:

  • The crystallographic phase problem hinders macromolecular structure determination.
  • Isomorphous replacement and anomalous dispersion are common but challenging methods.
  • RNA crystal structures pose unique difficulties for phase determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel approach for solving the crystallographic phase problem in RNA structures.
  • To overcome limitations of traditional phasing methods for RNA.
  • To achieve successful phase determination for novel RNA crystal structures.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling predictable RNA substructures (A-form helices, stem-loops).
  • Simultaneous molecular replacement using generic helical RNA fragments.
  • No prior knowledge of 3D arrangement or sequence is required.

Main Results:

  • The developed approach demonstrated a reasonable degree of success.
  • Usable solutions to the phase problem were obtained.
  • This method bypasses the need for heavy-atom derivatives for RNA.

Conclusions:

  • A unique and effective method for solving the RNA crystallographic phase problem is presented.
  • The approach simplifies phase determination for novel RNA structures.
  • This technique offers a viable alternative to traditional phasing methods.