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Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Published on: July 23, 2011

The SUMO pathway functions in mouse oocyte maturation.

Zhen-Bo Wang¹, Xiang-Hong Ou, Jing-Shan Tong

¹State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)

|June 15, 2010

Summary

Sumoylation, a key protein modification, is crucial for mouse oocyte maturation. Disrupting SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) pathways impacts spindle organization, highlighting its essential role.

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Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

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Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Published on: October 11, 2015

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Reproductive Biology

Background:

Sumoylation is a vital post-translational modification regulating various cellular processes.
While its role in mitosis and yeast meiosis is known, its function in mammalian oocyte meiotic maturation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the localization and expression of SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 during mouse oocyte maturation.
To explore the role of the SUMO pathway in oocyte meiotic maturation by overexpressing Senp2.

Main Methods:

Immunofluorescent staining to determine SUMO protein localization.
Immunoblot analysis to assess SUMO-modified protein expression profiles.
Overexpression of Senp2 (a SUMO isopeptidase) to study pathway disruption.

Main Results:

SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 exhibit distinct localization patterns during oocyte meiosis.
SUMO-modified protein expression changes during oocyte maturation.
Senp2 overexpression leads to altered SUMOylation and defects in MII spindle organization.

Conclusions:

The SUMOylation pathway plays an essential role in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation.
Specific SUMO proteins and their modifications are critical for proper spindle organization and meiotic progression.