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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Th17 cell dynamics in HIV infection.

Nichole R Klatt1, Jason M Brenchley

  • 1Immunopathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|June 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

HIV infection leads to a loss of protective Th17 cells in the gut. While treatment can restore these cells, further research is needed to understand the full impact of Th17 cell depletion in HIV pathogenesis.

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Published on: September 25, 2018

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Microbial Immunology

Background:

  • Th17 cells are crucial CD4 T cells for mucosal immunity against fungi and bacteria.
  • HIV infection causes CD4 T cell depletion and gastrointestinal tract disruption, leading to immune activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and dynamics of Th17 cells in HIV pathogenesis.
  • To understand the relationship between Th17 cell levels and HIV disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Th17 cell populations in the gastrointestinal tract of HIV-infected individuals.
  • Assessment of Th17 cell infection rates in vivo.
  • Evaluation of the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on Th17 cell restoration.
  • Identification of alternative IL-17 producing cells during HIV infection.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cells are preferentially depleted from the gut in HIV infection.
  • Direct infection is not the primary cause of Th17 cell loss; they are not preferentially infected.
  • Long-term HAART can restore gut Th17 cells, correlating with improved prognosis.
  • Vdelta1 T cells can produce IL-17 during HIV infection, potentially aiding antibacterial immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cell loss is a significant feature of HIV infection.
  • HAART may help restore Th17 cells and improve outcomes.
  • Further research is required to fully elucidate the consequences of Th17 cell depletion in HIV.