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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin
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Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

Published on: August 22, 2018

Identifying and characterizing recently transmitted viruses.

Brandon F Keele1

  • 1AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. keelebf@mail.nih.gov

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|June 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During sexual transmission, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diversity significantly reduces to a single founder virus. Understanding these transmitted viruses is key for developing effective HIV vaccines and therapies.

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Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes
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Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes

Published on: August 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Advances in sequencing and mathematical modeling offer new insights into viral genetics during acute infections.
  • Understanding viral transmission and host immune interactions is crucial for controlling infections like HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of new sequencing technologies and mathematical modeling on understanding HIV and SIV transmission.
  • To define the characteristics of transmitted/founder viruses necessary for successful infection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral genetic diversity during acute infection using advanced sequencing.
  • Mathematical modeling to study viral transmission dynamics and early evolution.
  • Identification and enumeration of transmitted/founder viruses.

Main Results:

  • Mucosal transmission significantly reduces overall viral genetic diversity.
  • A single viral variant typically establishes infection in the majority of sexual transmissions.
  • Identification of founder viruses allows for defining essential characteristics for viral replication.

Conclusions:

  • Acute HIV infection presents a critical window for therapeutic and vaccine interventions.
  • New technologies provide a clearer understanding of founder viruses, diversity generation, and immune evasion.
  • Insights into transmitted viruses and host responses can improve strategies for vaccines, PrEP, and microbicides.