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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
08:06

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Published on: October 28, 2022

In-laboratory diffraction-enhanced X-ray imaging for articular cartilage.

Carol Muehleman1, Daniel Fogarty, Benjamin Reinhart

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. carol_muehleman@rush.edu

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|June 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A new X-ray imaging technique, Diffraction-Enhanced X-ray Imaging (DEXI), can visualize early cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. This novel method offers potential for earlier diagnosis of joint degeneration by imaging soft tissues alongside bone.

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An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage
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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
08:06

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Published on: October 28, 2022

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage
07:57

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage

Published on: April 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional radiography struggles to visualize soft tissues like articular cartilage due to poor X-ray contrast.
  • Osteoarthritis diagnosis often relies on detecting joint space narrowing, indicating advanced cartilage loss.
  • Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) offers improved soft tissue visualization by utilizing X-ray attenuation and refraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the capability of an in-laboratory DEI system, DEXI, for imaging ex vivo articular cartilage.
  • To assess DEXI's potential in visualizing varying degrees of cartilage degradation, including early stages.
  • To explore the clinical significance of DEXI for diagnosing early osteoarthritis and visualizing soft tissue changes.

Main Methods:

  • An in-laboratory Diffraction-Enhanced X-ray Imaging (DEXI) system was utilized.
  • Ex vivo articular cartilage samples with different degradation levels were imaged.
  • DEI's ability to harness both X-ray attenuation and refraction was leveraged for imaging.

Main Results:

  • DEXI successfully rendered images of articular cartilage.
  • The system visualized early-stage cartilage degeneration, including surface fibrillation.
  • DEI demonstrated simultaneous visualization of soft and calcified tissues.

Conclusions:

  • In-laboratory DEXI shows promise for imaging articular cartilage degradation.
  • This technique may enable earlier diagnosis of osteoarthritis by detecting subtle cartilage changes.
  • DEI provides a method for simultaneous visualization of soft tissue and bone changes in joints.