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Classification of Elements and Compounds

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Classifying Matter by Composition

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

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In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Quantitative 31P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins

Quantitative ³¹P NMR Analysis of Lignins and Tannins

Published on: August 2, 2021

[Classification of licorice based on inorganic elements characteristics].

Ying-Qun Zhou¹, Hua Yu, Ying Li

¹Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China. zhongyaoziyuan@126.com

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu

|June 16, 2010

Summary

This study analyzed inorganic elements in Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) from different regions and growth patterns. Specific element ratios, like Molybdenum and Strontium, can identify its origin and growth type.

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Area of Science:

Phytochemistry
Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Medicinal plants like Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) possess unique ecological characteristics.
Understanding the inorganic element profiles is crucial for quality control and origin identification.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the inorganic element composition of Glycyrrhiza uralensis from different ecological environments and growth patterns.
To establish an inorganic element fingerprint for G. uralensis.
To identify key elements and ratios for distinguishing producing areas and growth patterns.

Main Methods:

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ICP-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) were used to quantify 16 inorganic elements.
Microwave-assisted digestion was employed for sample preparation.
Systematic analysis included total element distribution, Q-type cluster analysis, and principal component analysis.

Main Results:

An inorganic element fingerprint chromatogram for G. uralensis was constructed using 16 inorganic elements.
Q-type cluster analysis, based on characteristic elements identified by principal component analysis, correlated with growth patterns.
The combination of Molybdenum (Mo) and Strontium (Sr) effectively differentiated producing areas (Gansu and Inner Mongolia).
Ratios of Sodium (Na):Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K):Calcium (Ca) also served as reliable indicators for production patterns (wild vs. cultivated).

Conclusions:

The established inorganic element fingerprinting method is intuitive, informative, and accurate for analyzing medicinal plants.
Specific inorganic element profiles, particularly Mo:Sr ratios and Na:P, K:Ca ratios, can reliably distinguish the origin and growth patterns of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.
This research provides valuable insights into the ecological variations of G. uralensis based on its inorganic element composition.