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Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
10:39

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Diffraction pattern of self-supporting transmission gratings.

J F Meekins

    Applied Optics
    |June 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed methods to reduce artifacts in soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) gratings caused by support structures. Random and pseudorandom placement of supports minimizes unwanted diffraction effects, improving spectral clarity.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • X-ray Optics
    • Diffraction Gratings

    Background:

    • Self-supporting transmission gratings are crucial for soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) applications.
    • Regularly placed support structures on these gratings introduce undesirable artifacts in the diffraction plane.
    • These artifacts can appear near principal maxima, potentially confusing spectral analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe methods for reducing or eliminating unwanted diffraction effects from grating support structures.
    • To improve the clarity and accuracy of spectra obtained using transmission gratings.

    Main Methods:

    • Method 1: Random placement of support structure members parallel to grating slits to reduce coherence.
    • Method 2: Pseudorandom distribution of support members to completely remove their diffraction pattern.

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  • Method 3: Investigating a repeatable pattern of pseudorandom support placement for manufacturability.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant reduction or elimination of unwanted diffraction artifacts.
    • Improved spectral quality by minimizing interference from support structures.
    • Demonstrated feasibility of different strategies for artifact mitigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Novel methods involving random and pseudorandom support structures effectively mitigate artifacts in transmission gratings.
    • These techniques enhance the utility of soft x-ray and EUV gratings for spectroscopic applications.
    • Further investigation into patterned pseudorandom placement may offer manufacturing advantages.