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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Optical scattering from oxidized metals. 1: Model formulation and properties.

A Roos, M Bergkvist, C G Ribbing

|June 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new model explains strong scattering from oxidized metals, showing wavelength dependence. It highlights how surface roughness and substrate reflectance impact light scattering, crucial for material optics.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Surface Science

Background:

Oxidized metals exhibit strong scattering with notable wavelength dependence.
Understanding light scattering is crucial for optical properties of materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a model for calculating specular and diffuse reflectance from oxidized metals.
To investigate the influence of oxide thickness, roughness, and substrate reflectance on scattering.

Main Methods:

Developed a model combining interface illumination effects and scalar scattering reduction.
Utilized Fresnel interface reflectance coefficients.
Calculated hemispheric reflectance (specular and diffuse) using oxide thickness and RMS roughness as parameters.

Main Results:

The model accurately predicts the spectral variation of reflectance.
Substrate reflectance significantly influences the scattering behavior.
Distinguishes scattering differences between front surface and oxide-metal interface roughness.

Conclusions:

The presented model successfully explains strong scattering in oxidized metals.
Interface and substrate properties critically determine optical scattering characteristics.
The model provides insights into designing materials with tailored optical responses.