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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Heart failure with normal ejection fraction.

Meliza Goi Roscani1, Luiz Shiguero Matsubara, Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo, Brasil. meliza10@cardiol.br

Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia
|June 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) involves diastolic dysfunction and affects older adults with comorbidities. Treatment focuses on symptom management, as specific medications show no mortality benefit.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) is a growing clinical challenge.
  • It is characterized by diastolic ventricular dysfunction despite preserved ejection fraction (EF).
  • Primarily affects elderly patients with comorbidities like hypertension and obesity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex physiopathology of HFNEF.
  • To discuss current treatment objectives and limitations.
  • To analyze prognostic factors and the role of systolic function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HFNEF.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods like echocardiography and hemodynamic studies.
  • Examination of treatment strategies and prognostic indicators.

Main Results:

  • HFNEF is linked to myocardial stiffness, altered ventricular geometry, and pericardial factors.
  • Treatment aims to reduce congestion and heart rate, and manage comorbidities.
  • No definitive mortality benefit observed with ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers.

Conclusions:

  • Prognosis is poorer with advanced age, kidney dysfunction, diabetes, severe diastolic dysfunction, and NYHA class III/IV.
  • The role of systolic function in HFNEF requires further investigation.
  • Comprehensive management addressing multifactorial causes is crucial.