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Related Concept Videos

What is Behavior?00:54

What is Behavior?

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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli
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Autophagy shows its animal side.

Christina K McPhee1, Eric H Baehrecke

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

Cell
|June 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified four novel autophagy genes. One is specific to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, while three are conserved across species from worms to mammals, advancing autophagy research in multicellular organisms.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, has been extensively studied in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
  • However, the genetic basis of autophagy in multicellular animals remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding animal-specific autophagy genes is crucial for comprehending complex biological functions.

Discussion:

  • This study identifies four previously unknown autophagy genes.
  • One gene is unique to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, highlighting species-specific adaptations.
  • Three identified genes are conserved from worms to mammals, suggesting fundamental roles in multicellular autophagy.

Key Insights:

  • Discovery of novel autophagy genes expands the known genetic repertoire for this process.

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  • Identification of both species-specific and conserved genes provides insights into the evolution of autophagy.
  • These findings lay the groundwork for further investigation into the mechanisms of autophagy in diverse animal models.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research can elucidate the precise functions of these newly identified autophagy genes.
    • Investigating these genes in mammals may reveal new therapeutic targets for diseases associated with autophagy dysfunction.
    • Comparative studies can deepen our understanding of autophagy regulation across the animal kingdom.