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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
16:43

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

Communicating subcellular distributions.

Robert F Murphy1

  • 1Lane Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. murphy@cmu.edu

Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
|June 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurately modeling cells requires understanding protein distribution. New methods represent subcellular protein patterns quantitatively, improving systems biology and microscopy data analysis.

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In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
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In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
16:43

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

Nitrogen Cavitation and Differential Centrifugation Allows for Monitoring the Distribution of Peripheral Membrane Proteins in Cultured Cells
08:24

Nitrogen Cavitation and Differential Centrifugation Allows for Monitoring the Distribution of Peripheral Membrane Proteins in Cultured Cells

Published on: August 18, 2017

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
09:20

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 23, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Systems biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Accurate cell and tissue models require quantitative protein distribution data.
  • Current methods for describing protein subcellular patterns are often qualitative and lack generalizability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current progress in determining and representing protein subcellular patterns.
  • To enable the use of this information in systems biology efforts.
  • To improve the communication of subcellular pattern data.

Main Methods:

  • Image decomposition to determine protein fractions in fundamental subcellular patterns (e.g., organelles).
  • Learning generative models from images to capture cell shape and organelle pattern properties.
  • Combining fundamental pattern models with fractional vectors for quantitative representation.

Main Results:

  • Developed methods for decomposing protein images into fundamental subcellular patterns.
  • Established generative models to capture cell and organelle pattern variations.
  • Created a quantitative system for representing subcellular protein distributions.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative representation of protein subcellular patterns significantly enhances systems biology models.
  • This approach offers a transportable and generalizable method for communicating microscopy results.
  • Improved data representation facilitates more accurate simulations and analysis in cell biology.