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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
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Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Default mode network abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Dost Ongür1, Miriam Lundy, Ian Greenhouse

  • 1McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States. dongur@partners.org

Psychiatry Research
|June 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals altered default-mode network (DMN) connectivity in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Both conditions exhibit reduced DMN connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), suggesting disrupted brain functional organization.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • The default-mode network (DMN) is crucial for internally focused cognitive processes.
  • Dysfunctional DMN connectivity is implicated in various psychiatric disorders.
  • Understanding DMN alterations in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia is essential for diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare default-mode network (DMN) functional connectivity in patients with bipolar mania and acute schizophrenia.
  • To identify specific patterns of DMN abnormalities in each patient group using resting-state fMRI.
  • To correlate DMN alterations with clinical symptom severity where applicable.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to scan 17 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 14 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), and 15 normal controls (NC).
  • Resting-state fMRI data were analyzed using independent component analysis and template-matching to extract the DMN.
  • Spatial extent, timecourse, and frequency fluctuations of DMN activity were examined.

Main Results:

  • Both BD and SZ groups exhibited reduced DMN connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
  • BD patients showed abnormal parietal cortex recruitment (linked to mania severity), while SZ patients displayed increased frontopolar cortex/basal ganglia recruitment.
  • Both patient groups presented significantly higher frequency fluctuations in BOLD signals compared to controls, indicating abnormal functional organization.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormalities in both ventral mPFC (in BD) and dorsal mPFC (in SZ) were identified.
  • Elevated frequency of BOLD signal oscillations in patients suggests widespread disruption of brain circuit functional organization in both disorders.
  • Further research is required to elucidate the specific relationship between these DMN abnormalities and the clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.