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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
07:22

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

How repaired rotator cuff function influences Constant scoring.

D Goutallier1, J-M Postel, C Radier

  • 1Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil Medical School (Paris XII University), 51, avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil cedex, France. daniel.goutallier@wanadoo.fr

Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research : OTSR
|June 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The rotator cuff

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
05:25

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Biomechanics
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • The functional contribution of an intact rotator cuff to shoulder function, particularly the Constant score, is not fully understood.
  • Rotator cuff integrity is crucial for shoulder stability and movement, but the extent of its influence on functional outcomes requires clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the functional influence of an intact rotator cuff on the unweighted Constant score and its components.
  • To determine the relationship between rotator cuff fatty degeneration and shoulder function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 29 non-osteoarthritic shoulders with intact sutured rotator cuff tears after a 9-year follow-up.
  • Assessment of rotator cuff fatty degeneration index (FDI) and Constant scores.
  • Application of linear regression analysis to correlate FDI with Constant scores.

Main Results:

  • A strong negative correlation was observed between preoperative and follow-up FDI and all Constant scores.
  • The impact of intact repaired rotator cuff function became negligible when FDI exceeded 2.25.
  • Other shoulder muscles, including the deltoid, provide basic shoulder function (approx. 62 Constant score) when rotator cuff function is compromised.

Conclusions:

  • Shoulder muscles other than the rotator cuff are responsible for approximately 60% of the unweighted Constant score, providing basic shoulder function.
  • Lower FDI indicates greater improvement in basic function provided by an intact repaired rotator cuff.
  • The findings are supported by similar Constant scores in reverse shoulder prostheses and painless shoulders with full-thickness rotator cuff tears.