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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)
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The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)

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Structural characterization of the Get4/Get5 complex and its interaction with Get3.

Justin W Chartron1, Christian J M Suloway, Ma'ayan Zaslaver

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The Get4/5 complex, crucial for tail-anchored protein delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum, forms a dimer. Get3 specifically binds Get4, supporting a model where Get4/5 acts upstream of Get3.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Protein Trafficking
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Tail-anchored (TA) proteins require specific delivery pathways to the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • The Get protein pathway is essential for targeting the majority of TA proteins.
  • Get4 and Get5 are implicated in early steps of TA protein delivery to Get3.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis of the Get4/5 complex.
  • To investigate the interaction between Get3 and the Get4/5 complex.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into the early stages of TA protein targeting.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of the Get4 and N-terminal Get5 fragment.
  • Biochemical assays were employed to characterize the Get4/5 complex formation and Get3 binding.
  • Structural and biochemical data were integrated to model the interaction.

Main Results:

  • Get4 and Get5 form an intimate complex (Get4/5).
  • The Get4/5 complex exists as a dimer mediated by the C-terminus of Get5.
  • Get3 specifically binds to a conserved surface on Get4 in a nucleotide-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

  • Get4/5 functions upstream of Get3 in the TA protein targeting pathway.
  • The Get4/5 complex plays a critical role in mediating the specific delivery of TA substrates.
  • This study provides structural and functional evidence supporting a model for early Get pathway function.