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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
Dysrhythmias I: Introduction01:15

Dysrhythmias I: Introduction

Dysrhythmias refers to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. They result from disruptions in the heart's electrical conduction system, which includes the sinoatrial(SA)node, atrioventricular(AV) node, the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.Definition and PathophysiologyDysrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or both. The heart contains specialized cells in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns
07:39

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

Published on: October 24, 2019

Repolarization abnormalities in the newborn.

Peter J Schwartz1, Marco Stramba-Badiale

  • 1Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. peter.schwartz@unipv.it

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
|June 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Widespread electrocardiographic screening in newborns can identify infants with long QT syndrome (LQTS), enabling early intervention and preventing sudden infant death. This approach also helps detect affected family members and silent mutation carriers.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ventricular repolarization abnormalities in newborns may indicate long QT syndrome (LQTS).
  • Early identification and management of LQTS are crucial for preventing life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death in infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide guidelines for accurate QT interval measurement in newborns.
  • To establish normative QT interval values in the first month of life.
  • To assess the utility of electrocardiographic screening for LQTS in newborns.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of over 44,000 infants to determine QT interval distribution.
  • Analysis of QTc intervals from two recordings to estimate the probability of disease-causing mutations.
  • Evaluation of electrocardiographic screening for early LQTS detection.

Main Results:

  • Widespread newborn electrocardiographic screening can identify most infants with LQTS and marked QT prolongation.
  • Disease-causing LQTS mutations were found in 51% of family members of affected infants.
  • Early identification facilitates the detection of 'silent mutation carriers' within families.

Conclusions:

  • Electrocardiographic screening in newborns is effective for early LQTS identification, risk stratification, and prevention of sudden death.
  • Screening allows for the identification of affected family members, including asymptomatic carriers.
  • Failure to inform parents about LQTS prevalence and diagnostic/therapeutic options has medicolegal implications.