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Related Concept Videos

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires careful...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...

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Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
16:11

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

Published on: April 26, 2014

Phase shifting interferometry: reference phase error reduction.

J Schwider

    Applied Optics
    |June 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Phase shifting interferometry accuracy is improved by correcting reference phase errors. A novel method fits and subtracts an error function, significantly reducing measurement inaccuracies for better results.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical metrology
    • Interferometry
    • Precision measurement

    Background:

    • Phase shifting interferometry (PSI) is a widely used technique for high-accuracy surface profiling.
    • Key limitations in PSI accuracy stem from reference phase errors.
    • These errors arise from nonlinear phase shifter movements, calibration inaccuracies, temporal phase drifts, and environmental vibrations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a method for mitigating reference phase errors in PSI.
    • To enhance the overall accuracy and reliability of phase shifting interferometry measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel data processing approach is proposed to address sinusoidal reference phase errors.
    • This method involves fitting a function, incorporating the characteristic error function, to the measured interferometric data.
    • The identified error function is subsequently subtracted from the raw phase values.

    Main Results:

    • Computer simulations demonstrate a significant reduction in phase errors.
    • An error reduction of approximately one order of magnitude is achievable.
    • The proposed method effectively compensates for systematic errors inherent in PSI.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique offers a robust solution for improving PSI accuracy.
    • This approach minimizes the impact of common reference phase errors.
    • It paves the way for more precise optical metrology applications.