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Related Concept Videos

Corrosion02:49

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited Zn1-xMgxO
08:14

Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited
Zn1-xMgxO

Published on: July 31, 2016

Optical scattering from oxidized metals. 2: Model verification for oxidized copper.

M Bergkvist, A Roos, C G Ribbing

    Applied Optics
    |June 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study presents a model for diffuse reflectance spectra of oxidized metals, successfully applied to copper films. The model accurately determines interface roughness, crucial for understanding optical properties of oxidized metal surfaces.

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    Published on: May 12, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Surface Science
    • Optical Physics

    Background:

    • Oxidized metal films are crucial in various applications.
    • Understanding the optical properties requires knowledge of surface and interface characteristics.
    • Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a key technique for characterizing these films.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To apply and validate a model for calculating diffuse reflectance spectra of oxidized metals.
    • To independently determine the root-mean-square (rms) roughness of air-oxide and oxide-metal interfaces.
    • To compare model-derived roughness values with experimental measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Application of a diffuse reflectance spectra calculation model to thermally oxidized copper films.
    • Fitting the model to experimental spectra to extract interface roughness parameters.
    • Comparison of model-derived rms roughness with stylus profiling and total integrated scattering measurements.

    Main Results:

    • The model accurately reproduces the spectral structure of experimental diffuse reflectance data.
    • Air-oxide interface roughness dominates scattering at shorter wavelengths, while oxide-metal roughness dominates at longer wavelengths.
    • Independently determined rms roughness values show good agreement across different measurement techniques.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model is effective for analyzing diffuse reflectance spectra of oxidized metals.
    • The model allows for independent determination of air-oxide and oxide-metal interface roughness.
    • The findings validate the model's applicability and provide insights into scattering mechanisms in oxidized metal films.