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Phasor Arithmetics

Phasor Arithmetics

Phasors and their corresponding sinusoids are interrelated, offering unique insights into the behavior of alternating current (AC) circuits. One way to understand this relationship is through the operations of differentiation and integration in both the time and phasor domains.
When the derivative of a sinusoid is taken in the time domain, it transforms into its corresponding phasor multiplied by j-omega (jω) in the phasor domain, where j is the imaginary unit, and ω is the angular frequency.

Sum and Difference OpAmps

Sum and Difference OpAmps

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile devices that extend beyond amplification. In this context, two specific op-amp configurations are explored: the summing and difference amplifiers.
A summing amplifier, or an adder, utilizes an op-amp to merge multiple input signals into a single output signal. When audio signals are introduced into its input channels, the input resistors initiate currents that traverse feedback resistors, resulting in an output voltage. Applying Kirchhoff's current...

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

The operational amplifier, often referred to as an op-amp, is a multifaceted building block of a circuit. This electronic component functions like a voltage-controlled voltage source and can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. The design of an operational amplifier enables it to execute mathematical operations when external components like resistors and capacitors are linked to its terminals. An op-amp has the capacity to sum signals, amplify a signal,...

Cascaded Op Amps

Cascaded Op Amps

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

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In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Optical full adder.

T M Merklein, W Stork, H Yajima

|June 18, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers built and operated a ripple carry full adder using symbolic substitution logic. This novel digital logic architecture was implemented using a microchannel spatial light modulator for 4-bit number addition.

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Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

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Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Published on: September 5, 2012

Area of Science:

Digital electronics
Optical computing
Logic systems

Background:

Symbolic substitution logic offers a novel approach to digital computation.
Microchannel spatial light modulators (MSLMs) are emerging hardware platforms for optical information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and demonstrate a ripple carry full adder based on symbolic substitution logic.
To evaluate the operational capabilities of an MSLM for implementing digital arithmetic circuits.

Main Methods:

Designed a ripple carry full adder architecture utilizing symbolic substitution rules.
Implemented the logic gates and data paths on a microchannel spatial light modulator.
Tested the adder's functionality with 4-bit binary number addition.

Main Results:

Successfully constructed and operated the ripple carry full adder.
Demonstrated the symbolic substitution logic operations on the MSLM.
Verified correct addition of 4-bit numbers, showcasing the system's computational potential.

Conclusions:

The study confirms the feasibility of symbolic substitution logic for digital arithmetic.
MSLMs provide a viable hardware platform for implementing complex logic functions.
This work contributes to the advancement of optical computing architectures.