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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Identification and Characterization of Immunogenic RNA Species in HDM Allergens that Modulate Eosinophilic Lung Inflammation

Identification and Characterization of Immunogenic RNA Species in HDM Allergens that Modulate Eosinophilic Lung Inflammation

Published on: May 30, 2020

Menopausal asthma: a new biological phenotype?

M P Foschino Barbaro¹, V R Costa, O Resta

¹Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

|June 19, 2010

Summary

Menopausal asthma exhibits a distinct neutrophilic airway inflammation, differing from the eosinophilic pattern in premenopausal asthma. This finding suggests a new severe asthma phenotype in postmenopausal women.

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A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

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Published on: April 13, 2010

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Published on: May 30, 2020

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Published on: April 13, 2010

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Endocrinology
Immunology

Background:

Female hormones significantly influence asthma pathophysiology.
Menopausal asthma remains understudied compared to asthma in other reproductive states.
This study investigates airway inflammation in menopausal asthma noninvasively.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize airway inflammation in women with menopausal asthma.
To compare menopausal asthma inflammation with premenopausal asthma and healthy controls.
To identify a potential new asthma phenotype associated with menopause.

Main Methods:

Recruited 40 menopausal asthmatics, 35 premenopausal asthmatics, and 30 healthy controls.
Measured urinary and exhaled leukotriene E4 (LTE-4).
Analyzed induced sputum inflammatory cells and exhaled interleukin-6 (IL-6), pH, and nitric oxide (NO).

Main Results:

Menopausal asthmatics had lower estradiol, high sputum neutrophils, and elevated exhaled IL-6.
Premenopausal asthmatics showed an eosinophilic inflammatory profile.
Both menopausal and premenopausal asthma groups exhibited higher LTE-4 levels than controls.

Conclusions:

A novel biological phenotype of menopausal asthma is identified.
This phenotype is characterized by neutrophilic airway inflammation.
Menopausal asthma shares features with severe asthma phenotypes.