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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Equivalent Couples01:28

Equivalent Couples

In mechanical engineering, the concept of equivalent couples plays a crucial role in understanding and analyzing various mechanical systems.
Two couples are considered to be equivalent if they produce the same rotational effect on a rigid body. In other words, the two couples have the same magnitude and act in the same direction, causing the same angular displacement or acceleration in the body.
For instance, consider two couples lying in the plane of the page, with one having a pair of equal...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis
13:31

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

Published on: December 22, 2015

3 x 3 single-mode star coupler made from 2 x 2 couplers.

M E Marhic, Y L Chang

    Applied Optics
    |June 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel optical network using single-mode couplers functions as a 3x3 star coupler. This design supports polarization-preserving components and discrete Fourier transforms, with experimental validation.

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    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
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    Published on: March 20, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Traditional optical networks often face limitations in component integration and signal manipulation.
    • The development of versatile optical components is crucial for advancing photonic systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel 3x3 star coupler configuration using standard single-mode fiber couplers.
    • To explore the potential of this optical network for polarization-preserving applications and discrete Fourier transforms.

    Main Methods:

    • Constructing a 3x3 star coupler using two 3-dB and one 1.76-dB 2x2 single-mode couplers.
    • Implementing phase adjustments in specific arms of the optical network.
    • Conducting experimental verification of the proposed optical network's functionality.

    Main Results:

    • The assembled optical network successfully operated as a 3x3 star coupler.
    • One configuration proved suitable for polarization-preserving components, requiring phase adjustment.
    • The network demonstrated the capability to perform a three-point discrete Fourier transform via phase manipulation.

    Conclusions:

    • A cost-effective and versatile 3x3 star coupler can be realized using readily available single-mode fiber couplers.
    • The proposed optical network offers a promising platform for advanced photonic applications, including polarization control and signal processing.