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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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Infrared transmission through cirrus clouds: a radiative model for target detection.

K N Liou, Y Takano, S C Ou

|June 22, 2010

Summary

A new infrared transmission model for cirrus clouds aids target detection. The model shows 3.7-micrometer wavelengths offer high contrast for detecting objects through thin cirrus clouds.

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Area of Science:

Atmospheric optics
Remote sensing
Radiative transfer

Background:

Cirrus clouds composed of hexagonal ice crystals significantly impact infrared (IR) transmission.
Accurate modeling of IR transmission through cirrus clouds is crucial for effective target detection systems.
Existing models often lack detailed parameterization of ice crystal properties and multiple scattering effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an IR transmission model for thin and subvisual cirrus clouds specifically for target detection applications.
To parameterize ice crystal size distribution and cloud position based on ambient temperature.
To compute scattering and absorption properties of hexagonal ice crystals for transmission calculations.

Main Methods:

Developed parameterized equations for single scattering properties of hexagonal column and plate crystals using geometric ray-tracing.
Employed a successive order-of-scattering approach to model multiple scattering effects.
Computed direct radiance, path radiance, and background radiation at 3.7- and 10-micrometer wavelengths.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that background radiance at 3.7-micrometers is minimal, enabling high contrast for target detection.
Showcased the model's ability to efficiently evaluate IR transmission through cirrus clouds.
Validated the effectiveness of the 3.7-micrometer wavelength for detecting airborne and ground-based objects.

Conclusions:

The developed IR transmission model accurately simulates radiation transfer through cirrus clouds.
The 3.7-micrometer wavelength is optimal for target detection in the presence of thin cirrus clouds.
The model provides a valuable tool for enhancing the performance of remote sensing and target detection systems.