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Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
Non-ohmic Devices00:51

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In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a battery, a diode, and a resistor. A diode...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

One-gigabit per second free-space optical interconnection.

D Z Tsang

    Applied Optics
    |June 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a simple, efficient optical interconnection for digital circuits using minimal components. The novel design achieves high efficiency without external interface circuitry, enabling 1 GHz operation.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Integrated Optics
    • Digital Circuit Interconnection

    Background:

    • Traditional digital circuit interconnections often require complex interface circuitry.
    • Board-to-board optical interconnections offer potential for higher bandwidth and lower power consumption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a simple and efficient board-to-board optical interconnection for digital circuits.
    • To evaluate the performance of a free-space optical link with minimal components.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a free-space optical interconnection using a laser, two lenses, and a detector.
    • Integrated the optical link directly with digital circuits, eliminating the need for external drivers and amplifiers.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a direct free-space interconnection of digital circuits.
    • Measured a high differential electrical-to-electrical current efficiency of up to 19%.
    • Demonstrated operation at clock rates of 1 GHz.

    Conclusions:

    • A simple, efficient optical interconnection is feasible with minimal components.
    • The high efficiency obviates the need for external interface circuitry.
    • The demonstrated technology supports high-speed digital circuit operation.