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Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...

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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a surfactant as disperser agent.

Mohammad Saraji¹, Ali Akbar Hajialiakbari Bidgoli

¹Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. saraji@cc.iut.ac.ir

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

|June 22, 2010

Summary

A new surfactant-assisted extraction method efficiently detects phenylurea herbicides in water. This greener technique offers higher efficiency and lower costs for water sample analysis.

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Science

Background:

Phenylurea herbicides are widely used in agriculture.
Accurate monitoring of phenylurea herbicides in water is crucial for environmental protection.
Conventional extraction methods can be inefficient and environmentally hazardous.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel and efficient surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SA-DLLME) method.
To determine phenylurea herbicides in water samples using HPLC-PDA detection.
To establish a greener and more cost-effective analytical procedure.

Main Methods:

Surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SA-DLLME) using methyltrialkylammonium chloride.
High-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA).
Optimization of extraction parameters including surfactant type, solvent, volume, concentration, ionic strength, and time.

Main Results:

The method achieved high extraction efficiency with low solvent consumption.
Limits of detection ranged from 2.3 to 18 ng/L.
Good linearity was observed (R² > 0.9920) between 0.04 and 40 µg/L.
Intra-day and inter-day precision were within acceptable ranges (0.6–2.0% and 1.3–8.3% RSD, respectively).
The method was successfully applied to spiked real water samples.

Conclusions:

The developed SA-DLLME-HPLC-PDA method is efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.
This approach provides a reliable tool for the determination of phenylurea herbicides in water.
The technique offers significant advantages over conventional DLLME methods.