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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
09:10

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements

Published on: December 5, 2025

Reweighted ℓ1 referenceless PRF shift thermometry.

William A Grissom1, Michael Lustig, Andrew B Holbrook

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. wgrissom@gmail.com

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|June 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new referenceless MR thermometry method using reweighted least absolute deviations (ℓ(1)) regression. This approach accurately estimates temperature changes without needing hot spot tracking, improving MR thermometry reliability.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift MR thermometry requires a reference phase image for accurate temperature estimation.
  • Existing referenceless methods rely on polynomial fitting but necessitate user interaction or complex tracking for hot spot masking.
  • These limitations hinder the practical application of referenceless MR thermometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel referenceless MR thermometry technique using robust regression.
  • To eliminate the need for manual hot spot masking or sophisticated tracking in referenceless PRF shift thermometry.
  • To improve the accuracy and user-friendliness of MR-guided thermal treatment monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a referenceless MR thermometry approach utilizing reweighted least absolute deviations (ℓ(1)) regression.
  • Estimated background phase coefficients without requiring hot spot tracking or masking.
  • Compared the proposed method against conventional referenceless thermometry techniques.

Main Results:

  • The reweighted ℓ(1) regression effectively estimated background phase coefficients without user intervention.
  • Experimental validation demonstrated successful temperature monitoring during focused ultrasound (FUS) heating in phantoms and in vivo.
  • The method showed reliable performance in monitoring HIFU heating in canine prostate and human liver.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed reweighted ℓ(1) regression method offers a robust and automated solution for referenceless PRF shift MR thermometry.
  • This technique enhances insensitivity to motion and main field shifts, crucial for clinical applications.
  • The method shows significant potential for accurate, real-time temperature monitoring during thermal therapies.