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The relative roles of bipolar disorder and psychomotor agitation in substance dependence
Adam M Leventhal1, Mark Zimmerman
1Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA. adam.leventhal@usc.edu
Abstract:
Previous studies have shown that both bipolar disorder (BPD) and psychomotor agitation (PMA) are associated with substance dependence. These two findings have yet to be integrated, despite evidence that PMA is closely linked with the bipolar spectrum. Accordingly, the current study examined whether BPD and PMA had unique or overlapping associations with substance dependence disorders. Participants were 2,300 individuals seeking outpatient psychiatric treatment. Before treatment, participants were assessed using structured clinical interviews, which yielded DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses and clinical ratings of mood symptoms. Current PMA and lifetime BPD were present in 483 and 172 (bipolar I, n = 71; bipolar II, n = 101) participants, respectively. Current PMA and lifetime BPD each were associated with increased prevalence of lifetime nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence (ORs >or= 1.52, ps
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