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Overview of Microscopy Techniques

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

$Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples$

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Fast-scanning high-flux microprobe for biological X-ray fluorescence microscopy and microXAS.

R A Barrea¹, D Gore, N Kujala

¹The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA. rbarrea@iit.edu

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|June 23, 2010

Summary

Biological X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) is advancing metal mapping in cells and tissues. A new high-flux microprobe at the Advanced Photon Source enables rapid XFM and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS) analysis of numerous samples daily.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

$Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples$

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

Published on: March 12, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical imaging
Materials science
Synchrotron radiation applications

Background:

Growing need for elemental and chemical state mapping in biological samples.
Limitations of existing techniques for high-resolution elemental analysis in tissues.
X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) as a promising tool for metal distribution studies.

Purpose of the Study:

Commission a new fast-scanning, high-flux X-ray microprobe at the BioCAT beamline 18ID.
Evaluate the capabilities of the new instrument for X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS).
Demonstrate the throughput for analyzing biological tissue samples.

Main Methods:

Construction of a new X-ray microprobe using Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors.
Utilizing a high-flux X-ray beam (1.3 x 10(12) photons s(-1)) with a 3-5 micrometer spot size.
Employing Si drift detectors, crystal analyzers, and ionization chambers for X-ray fluorescence measurements.
Implementing fast-scanning software for on-the-fly data acquisition (<20 ms per pixel).

Main Results:

Successful commissioning of the new X-ray microprobe at the BioCAT beamline.
Demonstrated capability for rapid XFM and microXAS measurements.
Achieved throughput of up to 48 tissue sections per day.
Presented representative XFM and microXAS data from biological tissue samples.

Conclusions:

The new BioCAT instrument significantly enhances the capability for elemental and chemical state mapping in biological tissues.
The high-flux and rapid-scanning features enable high-throughput analysis, accelerating research in metal-related biomedical questions.
The instrument is well-suited for both XFM and microXAS, providing complementary information on metal distribution and speciation.