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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
09:16

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

Published on: June 15, 2010

Eukaryotic polyribosome profile analysis.

Anthony M Esposito1, Maria Mateyak, Dongming He

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, NJ, USA.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|June 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyribosome analysis helps study protein synthesis regulation. This method isolates and quantizes mRNA/ribosome complexes using sucrose density gradients to reveal translation defects.

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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
09:16

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

Published on: June 15, 2010

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein synthesis is a fundamental cellular process regulated at multiple levels, including translation initiation and elongation.
  • Cellular stresses like amino acid starvation or growth factor withdrawal can globally inhibit translation.
  • Individual mRNA translation is also controlled by mechanisms such as mRNA localization and microRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a detailed method for polyribosome analysis to investigate protein synthesis regulation.
  • To demonstrate the application of sucrose density gradients in separating and quantifying mRNA/ribosome complexes.
  • To illustrate how this technique can identify defects in translation initiation, elongation, or termination.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of crude ribosomal extracts from eukaryotic cells (yeast, adaptable to mammalian).
  • Separation of mRNA/ribosome complexes using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation.
  • Fractionation and quantification of monosomes and polyribosomes to assess translation efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Sucrose density gradients effectively separate monosomes (single ribosome on mRNA) from polyribosomes (multiple ribosomes on mRNA).
  • The ratio of polyribosomes to monosomes indicates the efficiency of translation initiation and elongation.
  • Analysis of mRNA content in fractions reveals changes in actively translated transcripts under different conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Polyribosome analysis is a powerful tool for dissecting mechanisms of translation regulation and identifying protein synthesis defects.
  • The presented sucrose gradient method provides a robust approach for studying ribosome dynamics and mRNA translation.
  • This technique is valuable for understanding cellular responses to stress and for investigating diseases associated with protein synthesis dysregulation.