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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera
06:08

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Published on: December 27, 2018

Oxygen atom detection using third harmonic generation.

F G Celii, H R Thorsheim, M A Hanratty

    Applied Optics
    |June 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Atomic oxygen detection is now possible using third harmonic generation (THG), a four-wave mixing technique. This method offers sensitive, state-selective monitoring of oxygen atoms with potential for improved detection limits.

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    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

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    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
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    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

    Published on: February 14, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic and Molecular Physics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Atomic oxygen detection is crucial in various scientific fields.
    • Existing optical detection methods have limitations.
    • Third harmonic generation (THG) is an advanced four-wave mixing technique.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the utility of third harmonic generation (THG) for atomic oxygen detection.
    • To investigate the concentration-dependent characteristics of THG signals for atomic oxygen.
    • To explore the potential of THG for in situ monitoring of atomic oxygen.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized third harmonic generation (THG), a four-wave mixing technique.
    • Generated ground state atomic oxygen using microwave discharge and photodissociation of NO(2).
    • Focused a 391-nm dye laser beam and observed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation at 130 nm.
    • Employed chemical titrations to determine absolute atomic oxygen concentrations.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully detected atomic oxygen using THG with a demonstrated sensitivity of 5 x 10(13) cm(-3).
    • Observed concentration-dependent frequency shifts in the laser excitation spectrum, confirming THG assignment.
    • Found that VUV intensity and peak frequency shift are directly dependent on atomic oxygen concentration.

    Conclusions:

    • Third harmonic generation (THG) is a viable technique for state-selective, low-aperture atomic oxygen detection.
    • THG offers sensitivity comparable to other optical methods and shows promise for general atomic detection.
    • The technique has implications for multiphoton ionization detection and monitoring of atomic oxygen metastable states.