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Partial Differential Equations01:21

Partial Differential Equations

A stone dropped into a still pond generates waves that propagate outward in circular patterns, creating a dynamic surface whose elevation depends on both position and time. At any given location, the water level oscillates as the wave passes, while at any fixed moment, the surface exhibits smooth, curved structures extending across space. This dual dependence requires a mathematical description that accounts for variation in multiple variables simultaneously.At a fixed point on the water...
Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem01:26

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Wave Parameters

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Measurement of the spectral absorption coefficient in the ocean with an isotropic source.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy
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Measurement of the point spread function in the ocean.

K J Voss, A L Chapin

    Applied Optics
    |June 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new instrument measures the ocean

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    Area of Science:

    • Ocean optics
    • Instrument development
    • Radiometry

    Background:

    • Measuring the point spread function (PSF) in oceanic environments is crucial for understanding light propagation.
    • Traditional methods require precise alignments over long distances, which are difficult to maintain at sea.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel instrument for in-situ measurement of the oceanic PSF.
    • To enable easy and accurate PSF measurements at sea, even with limited alignment stability.

    Main Methods:

    • The instrument utilizes a CCD solid-state camera to capture the angular radiance field.
    • It employs a pulsed Lambertian source for illumination.
    • Measurements are performed over short ranges (within 10 m).

    Main Results:

    • The developed instrument allows for straightforward measurement of the PSF at sea.
    • The system's large dynamic range facilitates PSF assessment over short ranges.
    • The variation of PSF with depth and range can be effectively investigated.

    Conclusions:

    • This new instrument simplifies in-situ oceanic PSF measurement.
    • It overcomes the limitations of traditional methods in marine environments.
    • It enables detailed studies of PSF variability in the ocean.