Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in PACAP knockout mice

In our previous study, we reported that cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis is aggravated in pancreatic β-cell-specific pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) transgenic mice, showing that an increase in pancreatic PACAP is a risk factor for progression of acute pancreatitis. Accordingly, in this study, we examined the progression of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in PACAP knockout (KO) mice. Unexpectedly, after cerulein, about 60% of the KO mice showed severe hypothermia below 30°C by 12 h and most of them died within 72 h. In contrast, the remaining KO and wild-type mice showed normothermia with no mortality. Thus, KO mice could be classified into two groups as hypothermic (HT-KO) and normothermic (NT-KO) to cerulein. Only HT-KO mice subsequently showed severe mortality, although both HT-KO and NT-KO mice exhibited similar susceptibility of lungs to cerulein toxicity, comparable to that in wild-type mice. Regarding pancreatitis, HT-KO mice showed ameliorated pancreatic damage without any rise in serum enzyme activities, whereas NT-KO mice exhibited a similar degree of pancreatitis to wild-type mice. Taken together, the present results indicate that lack of pancreatic PACAP did not aggravate, but rather ameliorated, cerulein-induced pancreatitis. In addition, about half of KO mice showed a novel phenotype in which cerulein caused rapid and severe hypothermia, followed by death.