One-year follow-up after incisional hernia treatment: results of a prospective randomized study

The incidence of incisional hernia after midline laparotomies ranges from 10 to 20%. The recurrence rate after this hernia surgery varies from 25 to 52% using autogenous tissue. The use of prosthetic meshes can decrease the postoperative hernia recurrence by up to 10%. The aim of this prospective randomized clinical study was to analyze and compare the results of three different incisional hernia surgical techniques.

One hundred and sixty-one patients who underwent incisional hernia surgery were randomized into three groups. The Keel technique was used in the first group, the "Onlay" technique (prosthetic mesh is fixed on the external abdominal muscle slip) in the second group, and the "Sublay" technique (prosthetic mesh is placed on the posterior abdominal muscle sheath) in the third group. Age, sex, hospitalization time, body mass index (BMI), intraabdominal pressure, postoperative complications, postoperative pain, normal physical activity recovery time, and recurrence rate were compared between the groups. The postoperative follow-up period was 12 months.

Fifty-four patients in the Keel group, 57 patients in the "Onlay" group, and 50 patients in the "Sublay" group were operated. Age, hospitalization time, and BMI were similar in all of the groups. The operative time was significantly longer in the prosthetic mesh groups compared with the Keel group. The intraabdominal pressure changes before and after surgery was significantly higher in the Keel group compared with the prosthetic mesh groups (5.66 ± 2.5 mmHg vs. 1.88 ± 1 mmHg vs. 1.76 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.05). The postoperative wound complications rate was significantly higher in the "Onlay" technique group compared with the Keel and "Sublay" technique groups (49.1% vs. 22.2% vs. 24%; P < 0.05). Postoperative pain (VAS score) was significantly lower in the "Onlay" and "Sublay" groups (5.53 ± 1.59 vs. 3.96 ± 1.56 vs. 3.78 ± 1.97; P < 0.05). All of the patients in "Sublay" group recovered to normal physical activity during the 6 months follow-up period compared with 94.4% of patients in the Keel group and 98.3% of patients in the "Onlay" group. The recurrence rate was 22.2% in the Keel group, 10.5% in the "Onlay" group, and 2% in the "Sublay" group during the follow-up period. The general complications rate after hernia surgery was 5.6%. Postoperative pneumonia was the most frequent complication, which appeared in 4.3% of patients. There was no postoperative death in our prospective study.

Mesh repair is the first-choice technique for incisional hernia treatment. The results of the "Sublay" technique are better than the "Onlay" technique.