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Related Concept Videos

Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Related Experiment Video

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Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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Published on: May 2, 2018

Pathogenesis and immunity in enterococcal infections.

I G Sava1, E Heikens, J Huebner

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|June 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium cause severe hospital infections. This review explores their virulence factors and host immune responses, identifying potential targets for new therapies against these challenging pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are significant nosocomial pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised and critically ill individuals.
  • Multi-resistant strains exhibit acquired virulence genes, leading to the emergence of hospital-adapted clones.
  • Enterococcal infections pose a growing threat due to increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review identified proteins and carbohydrate/glycoconjugates as putative virulence factors in enterococcal pathogenesis.
  • To explore potential therapeutic targets for alternative treatments against enterococcal infections.
  • To summarize current knowledge on the host immune response to enterococci.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies identifying virulence factors in Enterococcus species.
  • Analysis of research on host immune responses to enterococcal infections.
  • Synthesis of data on potential therapeutic targets derived from virulence factors.

Main Results:

  • Several proteins and glycoconjugates have been identified as key virulence factors contributing to enterococcal pathogenesis.
  • These virulence factors represent promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Insights into host immune responses provide a foundation for understanding infection dynamics and potential interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Virulence factors of Enterococcus species are critical in the development of nosocomial infections.
  • Targeting these factors offers a viable strategy for developing alternative therapies against multi-resistant enterococci.
  • Further research into host-pathogen interactions can inform the design of effective treatments.