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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Published on: August 20, 2017

No shortcuts to pig embryonic stem cells.

T A L Brevini¹, G Pennarossa, F Gandolfi

¹Università degli Studi di Milano, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Anatomy and Histology Unit, Milano, Italy. tiziana.brevini@unimi.it

|June 24, 2010

Summary

Establishing validated porcine embryonic stem cell (pESC) lines remains challenging due to species-specific factors. Understanding these differences is key to isolating genuine pESC for agricultural and biomedical applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

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Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Research
Comparative Embryology

Background:

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold significant agricultural and biomedical potential, particularly in domestic species like pigs.
Pigs serve as valuable animal models for human biomedical studies due to physiological similarities.
Validated blastocyst-derived ESC lines are established in mice and humans, but not yet in pigs (pESC).

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss factors hindering the establishment of porcine ESC lines.
To highlight the need for improved understanding of species-specific developmental pathways for pESC isolation.
To identify challenges in pESC research, including lack of validated markers and culture systems.

Main Methods:

Literature review and discussion of existing data on ESC derivation and characterization.
Comparative analysis of ESC regulatory pathways across species.
Identification of critical factors influencing ESC establishment and maintenance in pigs.

Main Results:

The process of establishing ESC lines in pigs is significantly slower than in mice or humans.
Paucity of information on porcine ESC morphology, pluripotency markers, and differentiation capacity impedes validation.
Lack of reliable reagents and in vitro systems further complicates pESC research.

Conclusions:

Species-specific variations in gene expression, molecule concentrations, developmental timing, and micro-environmental conditions are critical hurdles.
Understanding these subtle diversities is essential for the successful isolation and validation of genuine porcine ESCs.
Advancement in pESC research could revolutionize genetic engineering for improved livestock traits and preclinical studies.