Driving rehabilitation for military personnel recovering from traumatic brain injury using virtual reality driving simulation: a feasibility study
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Updated: Jun 12, 2026
Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment
Published on: May 10, 2024
Daniel J Cox1, Margaret Davis, Harsimran Singh
1University of Virginia Health System, Box 800223, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Objective:
To investigate the feasibility of virtual reality driving simulation rehabilitation training (VRDSRT) with military personnel recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods:
Eleven men with TBI were randomly assigned as controls (n = 5) receiving residential rehabilitation only or the VRDSRT group (n = 6) receiving residential rehabilitation and VRDSRT. All subjects underwent pre- and post-assessments including simulator driving, and completing road rage and risky driving questionnaires. Between assessments, VRDSRT subjects received 4-6, 60- to 90-min rehabilitation training sessions involving practicing progressively more complex driving skills (lane position, speed control, etc.) through progressively more demanding traffic.
Results:
VRDSRT was well received, considered realistic and effective, with no reported simulation sickness. Driving performance improved significantly in the VRDSRT group only (p < 0.01). They also demonstrated a reduction in road rage (p = 0.01) and risky driving (p = 0.04) at post-assessment.
Conclusion:
VRDSRT showed promising results with respect to retraining driving performance and behavior among military personnel recovering from TBI.
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