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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
For direct-acting pumps, the concrete enters the pump via the inlet valve under the action of gravity and suction created by the movement of the piston. This concrete is then forced into the pipeline and out through the outlet valve by the forward movement...
Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and Drowned...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
Bernoulli's Equation: Problem Solving01:16

Bernoulli's Equation: Problem Solving

A Venturi meter is essential for measuring fluid flow rates in pipelines. It utilizes the relationship between fluid velocity and pressure described by Bernoulli's equation. When installed in a sewage system, the Venturi meter accurately determines the wastewater flow rate by measuring pressure differences.
The first step is to compute the cross-sectional areas of the pipe and the Venturi throat to analyze the pressure difference indicated by the pressure gauge. Next, the continuity equation is...

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In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling
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General no-go condition for stochastic pumping.

Christian Maes1, Karel Netocný, Simi R Thomas

  • 1Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica, K.U. Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study proves no-go theorems for chemical motors, extending to non-Markovian dynamics. It excludes protocols changing only energy well depth, not barrier height, impacting molecular machine function.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical dynamics
  • Molecular machines
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Controlling chemical dynamics is crucial for molecular machines.
  • Pumping generates net current through molecular state cycles.
  • Understanding time-dependent transition rates is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide simple proofs of no-go theorems for chemical motors.
  • To extend these theorems to non-Markovian dynamics and diffusion limits.
  • To identify excluded operational protocols for molecular motors.

Main Methods:

  • Development of short and simple proofs for no-go theorems.
  • Extension of proofs to non-Markovian dynamics.
  • Analysis of the diffusion limit for chemomechanical systems.

Main Results:

  • Exclusion of protocols that only alter energy well depth, not barrier heights.
  • Demonstration that pre-existing steady-state currents are multiplicatively modified by time dependence.
  • New proofs for no-go theorems with extensions to non-Markovian dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Certain operational protocols for chemical motors are theoretically impossible.
  • Time-dependent control of molecular systems significantly alters steady-state currents.
  • The findings provide fundamental constraints for designing artificial molecular machines.