Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Antipsychotic Drugs and the Risk of Diabetic Complications: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Understanding how adverse childhood experiences influence the development of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: a qualitative study in China.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2026
Same author

Antipsychotic Drugs and the Risk of Diabetic Complications: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Effects of vaginal microbiota transfer on social-emotional and neurodevelopment in cesarean-born infants: 12-month follow-up of a pilot randomized clinical trial.

Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica·2026
Same author

Self-perceived mental health among Canadian adolescents and young adults with asthma: Insights from a national cross-sectional study.

The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma·2026
Same author

Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use in the United States, 2000-2016.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

The future of toxicity testing.

Melvin E Andersen1, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Maxine Croteau

  • 1Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews
|June 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) proposes a new toxicity testing strategy focusing on human toxicity pathways instead of animal testing. This approach utilizes in vitro assays and computational toxicology for better environmental health risk assessment.

More Related Videos

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
08:25

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
09:01

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
08:25

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
09:01

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The 2007 NRC report
  • Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
  • proposed a paradigm shift in toxicity testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the scientific tools and technologies central to the NRC's vision for toxicity testing.
  • To document stakeholder reactions to the NRC's proposed strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing in vitro assays with human cells and tissue surrogates.
  • Employing computational toxicology and advances in basic biology for dose-response quantification.
  • Identifying critical perturbations in human toxicity pathways.

Main Results:

  • The NRC vision necessitates a shift from animal-based testing to pathway-based analysis.
  • Development of rapid in vitro screening assays is crucial for identifying environmental agents that perturb toxicity pathways.
  • A significant, long-term research effort involving the scientific community is required.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed toxicity testing strategy represents a fundamental change in assessing environmental agent safety.
  • Successful implementation relies on developing new assays and mapping human toxicity pathways.
  • Stakeholder engagement is vital for the transition to this new testing paradigm.