Psychological factors in immunomodulation induced by cancer surgery: a review

The immune system's efficacy in detecting and destroying cancer cells varies considerably throughout the stages of cancer development and its role may be critical particularly during the surgical period. Although surgery causes tumor cells to shed into the blood, immune cells have the capacity to destroy these tumor cells. However, surgery also suppresses cytotoxic capacity. It is particularly during this surgical period that psychological factors can have a significant dampening or strengthening impact on surgery-related immunomodulation response, thus exerting an effect on survival. This review describes the immune changes during the peri-surgical period and the influences psychological factors have on immune function, including the immune effects caused by psychological interventions in cancer patients. We recommend that future studies exploring the role of psychological factors on immune function and survival focus more on their influence during the peri-surgical period.