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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...

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The last glacial termination.

G H Denton1, R F Anderson, J R Toggweiler

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences and Climate Change Institute, Bryand Global Sciences Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earth

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Science
  • Quaternary Geology

Background:

  • Late Quaternary ice ages concluded with abrupt warming events known as terminations.
  • The mechanisms driving these terminations remain a significant paleoclimatic puzzle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive hypothesis explaining Earth's emergence from the last global ice age.
  • To elucidate the interplay between Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, ocean-atmosphere circulation, and polar warming.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of paleoclimatic data to reconstruct past climate conditions.
  • Hypothesizing the sequence of events from ice sheet growth and collapse to global climate shifts.

Main Results:

  • Large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, upon collapse, induced stadial conditions disrupting global circulation.
  • Poleward shifts in Southern Hemisphere westerlies caused ocean upwelling and warming pulses in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.
  • Rising atmospheric CO2 levels amplified polar warming during the last termination.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothesis integrates ice sheet dynamics, ocean-atmospheric circulation changes, and greenhouse gas forcing to explain termination events.
  • Southern Ocean and Antarctic warming, driven by shifting westerlies and augmented by CO2, were key components of the last glacial termination.