Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on intestinal health and productivity of coccidian-challenged laying hens.

Poultry science·2012

Same author

Rigid endoscopic relay systems: a comparative study.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Quantitative phase imaging in confocal microscopy by optical differentiation.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Control of the radial gradient-index profile by leaching of a gel.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Evaluation of XPC and prototypes on aflatoxin-challenged broilers.

Poultry science·2010

Same author

Effects of axial and radial gradients on Cooke triplets.

Applied optics·2010

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Index profile control using Li(+) for Na(+) exchange in aluminosilicate glasses.

N Haun, D S Kindred, D T Moore

|June 26, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New ion exchange techniques alter gradient-index profiles in aluminosilicate glass. Varying alkali concentrations create convex to concave index shapes due to nonlinear dopant effects.

More Related Videos

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

Published on: May 9, 2025

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

Published on: May 9, 2025

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Glass Science
Optical Materials

Background:

Gradient-index (GRIN) materials are crucial for optical applications, requiring precise control over refractive index profiles.
Aluminosilicate glasses offer a versatile platform for optical material development.
Ion exchange is a common method for modifying glass properties, but controlling profile shape remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce two novel techniques for precisely shaping the gradient-index profile in aluminosilicate glass.
To demonstrate the ability to achieve both convex and concave index profiles.
To investigate the underlying mechanism responsible for the observed profile controllability.

Main Methods:

Utilized ion exchange of lithium ions (Li+) for sodium ions (Na+) in an aluminosilicate glass substrate.
Systematically varied alkali concentrations in both the base glass and the salt melt during the ion exchange process.
Analyzed the resulting refractive index profiles to determine their functional form (shape).

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated two new techniques for altering the gradient-index profile shape.
Achieved a range of index profile shapes, from convex to concave, by adjusting alkali concentrations.
Identified a nonlinear dependence of refractive index on dopant concentration as the key factor enabling this control.

Conclusions:

The developed ion exchange methods provide unprecedented control over GRIN profile shapes in aluminosilicate glasses.
The nonlinear relationship between dopant concentration and refractive index is critical for achieving tunable profile geometries.
These findings open new avenues for designing advanced optical components with tailored refractive index distributions.