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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
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Published on: November 21, 2019

MgO/Ti bilaterally diffused LiNbO(3) optical switch.

N Tanaka, T Banno, K Takahashi

    Applied Optics
    |June 26, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel MgO/Ti optical waveguide improves light confinement and reduces coupling loss to 0.6 dB/facet. This advanced waveguide technology significantly suppresses bending loss, enabling efficient optical switching with low insertion loss and driving voltage.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optical Engineering
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Traditional titanium (Ti) diffused optical waveguides face limitations in optical confinement and bending loss.
    • Controlling waveguide spot size is crucial for efficient light coupling and device performance.
    • Minimizing optical losses, particularly coupling and bending losses, is essential for practical integrated photonic devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel MgO/Ti bilaterally diffused optical waveguide structure.
    • To investigate the waveguide's ability to control spot size and enhance optical confinement.
    • To evaluate the reduction in coupling and bending losses compared to conventional Ti diffused waveguides.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of MgO/Ti bilaterally diffused optical waveguides.
    • Experimental measurement of coupling loss with single-mode fiber.
    • Experimental measurement of bending loss at a 30-mm radius.
    • Demonstration of an optical switch utilizing the proposed waveguide, measuring insertion loss and driving voltage.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a coupling loss of 0.6 dB/facet with single-mode fiber.
    • Significantly suppressed bending loss from 2.2 dB to 0.2 dB at a 30-mm bending radius.
    • Demonstrated an optical switch with 2.6 dB total insertion loss and a driving voltage of 5.6 V, maintaining the electro-optic (EO) effect.

    Conclusions:

    • The MgO/Ti bilaterally diffused optical waveguide offers superior optical confinement and reduced spot size.
    • This novel structure effectively minimizes both coupling and bending losses, outperforming traditional Ti diffused waveguides.
    • The demonstrated optical switch performance highlights the potential of MgO/Ti waveguides for efficient and compact photonic integrated circuits.