New findings in the metabolism of N,N-dimethylformamide--consequences for evaluation of occupational risk

Using a novel gas chromatographic method, specific mercapturic acids produced in the biotransformation of several formamide analogues have been quantified. Thus, N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine, derived from an important industrial solvent N,N-dimethylformamide, was found to be a minor metabolite in rodents but an important one in humans. Because manifestations of hepatotoxicity of formamide analogues were always linked with the production of mercapturic acids, the risk from exposure to DMF in humans appears to be higher than that estimated from toxicological experiments on laboratory animals.