Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Real-time responses to epidemics: A Reinforcement-Learning approach.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same author

The Interplay Between Non-Instantaneous Dynamics of mRNA and Bounded Extrinsic Stochastic Perturbations for a Self-Enhancing Transcription Factor.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Homophily in a multi-group vaccination game and its impact on disease dynamics.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026
Same author

"Early, rapid, aggressive": when strategic interactions between governments, opposition, and lobbies can hinder effective responses to epidemics.

Frontiers in epidemiology·2025
Same author

Epidemic control by social distancing and vaccination: Optimal strategies and remarks on the COVID-19 Italian response policy.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2024
Same author

Multiple pandemic waves vs multi-period/multi-phasic epidemics: Global shape of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Journal of theoretical biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
12:21

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Published on: September 28, 2022

On the interaction between the immune system and an exponentially replicating pathogen.

Alberto D'Onofrio1

  • 1European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy. alberto.donofrio@ifom-ieo-campus.it

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|June 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study generalizes a pathogen-immune system model, exploring conditions for pathogen eradication, sustained oscillations, and unique limit cycles. Findings reveal how immune response variations and delays impact disease dynamics and stability.

More Related Videos

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection
07:36

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
11:39

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
12:21

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Published on: September 28, 2022

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection
07:36

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
11:39

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Mathematical Biology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The Pugliese-Gandolfi Model describes pathogen-immune system interactions.
  • Understanding disease dynamics is crucial for effective intervention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the Pugliese-Gandolfi Model for broader applicability.
  • To analyze conditions for pathogen eradication, sustained oscillations, and limit cycle uniqueness.
  • To investigate the impact of immune response variations and time delays on disease stability.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling and analysis of differential equations.
  • Generalization of the existing Pugliese-Gandolfi Model.
  • Numerical simulations to explore model behavior and specific scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Established conditions for global pathogen eradication and the onset of sustained oscillations.
  • Identified criteria for the uniqueness of limit cycles in the generalized model.
  • Demonstrated that delays can destabilize model equilibria, affecting disease dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized model provides a robust framework for studying pathogen-immune interactions.
  • Immune response modulation and time delays are critical factors influencing disease persistence or elimination.
  • Findings offer insights into novel strategies for pathogen control and disease management.