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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Diabetic retinopathy.

Ning Cheung1, Paul Mitchell, Tien Yin Wong

  • 1Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Lancet (London, England)
|June 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, causes preventable blindness. Managing blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids, alongside timely treatments like laser therapy, is key to preserving sight and preventing vision loss.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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Published on: December 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of preventable blindness in working-aged adults.
  • It affects one-third of individuals with diabetes and increases the risk of systemic vascular complications.
  • Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding and management of diabetic retinopathy.
  • To highlight the importance of systemic risk factor control in preventing retinopathy.
  • To review established and emerging treatment modalities for diabetic retinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on diabetic retinopathy.
  • Analysis of the role of glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control.
  • Evaluation of conventional and novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Optimal control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids is fundamental for reducing retinopathy risk and progression.
  • Laser therapy preserves sight in proliferative retinopathy and macular edema but has limited ability to reverse visual loss.
  • Newer therapies like intraocular injections of steroids and anti-VEGF agents offer less destructive retinal treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • While conventional treatments exist, new therapies are emerging for diabetic retinopathy management.
  • Future treatments, including regenerative and topical therapies, show promise for improved outcomes.
  • Effective management requires a multi-faceted approach involving risk factor control and appropriate therapeutic interventions.